Yr+8+States+of+Matter

= ** Year 8 //__ELEMENTS, COMPOuNDS & MIXTURES__// ** = = ** (and some states of matter) **** //__–__// **** //__ Chapter 6 and 7 __// ** =
 * Year **** …8 **** . //Elements Compounds Mixtures// **
 * Key Concepts |||| Words To Learn ||  ||||||   |||| ||   ||
 * # 1. States of matter (Chapter 6): Solid, Liquid, Gas and the properties of each.
 * 1) 2. Elements (Chapter 7): Atoms & Elements, Inside the Atom, Atomic Numbers, What’s In A Name.
 * 2) 3. Grouping Elements: Metals & Non-metals
 * 3) 4. Patterns, Order & Organisation: Looking For Similarities
 * 4) 5. Compounding The Situation: Splitting Water |||||||| Solid, Liquid, Gas, Melt, Evaporate, Freeze, Condense, Sublime.

Atom, Proton, Neutron, Electron, Nucleus Atomic Number, Chemical Symbol, Element, Compound, Mixture Metals, Non metals, Metalloids

Periodic table, Period, Group, Inert, Noble gas, |||||||||| NAME: || **// Understanding //** |||||||| **// ACTIVITIES //** **// Established Extending //** || 6.1 Read States of Matter page 210 & complete Investigation 6.1 Comparing Solids, Liquids & Gases 6.2 Read Changing States page 212 EP. Chemical Science>States of matter |||||||| Understanding & Inquiring page 211 Q’s 1, 2, 3, 5 page 213 Q’s 1, 2, 5, 6, 8
 * || ** Science Quest 8 **
 * // TEXTBOOK //** |||| **// PRACTICALS / ACTIVITIES //** |||||||| ** SCIENCE Quest 8 **
 * 1 || ** 6.1 States of Matter: Pg 210 ** |||| Complete **AssessOn Readiness Test (CH 7 only).**

EP. Chemical Science>States of matter> L.S.G |||| Understanding & Inquiring page 211 Q 8 page 213 Q 9

EP > states of matter>measuring mass and volume etc |||| Do Discuss & Explain on page 211 Q 10 page 213 Q 10

EP states of matter> density and measuring the effects of heat and pressure ||
 * 2 || ** 7.1 It’s Elementary: **

**Pg 228** |||| 7.1 Do Investigation 7.1: How Small Are The Bits That Matter page 227. Do Investigation 7.3: Checking Out Appearances page 229.

EP. Chemical Science>Types of substance

Harry He Likes Beer - ppt activity |||||||| Understanding & Inquiring page 229 Q’s 2, 3, 7

EP. Chemical Science>Types of substances > matter atoms and elements |||| Understanding & Inquiring page 229 Q 9 |||| Understanding & Inquiring page 229 Q 10 || structure of the atom and calculating the number of protons etc page 232 Q’s 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 |||| Understanding & Inquiring page 232 Q’s 9 - 12 |||| Understanding & Inquiring page 232 Q’s 13, 14 || Do Investigation 7.5 Making a Compound from its Elements page 234. Do Investigation 7.6 Let’s Collect an Element page 235. |||||||| Understanding & Inquiring page 235 Q’s 1 – 6, 10
 * 3 || ** 7.2 Elements: The inside Story **
 * Pg 230 ** |||| Read theory on Pg 230 to 232. |||||||| Understanding & Inquiring
 * ^  ||^   ||||^   |||||||||||||||| **// * __INVESTIGATE__ – Complete EITHER Q17 (uses and symbols) or Q18 (Nanotechnology) on Page 232 or Q9 on Page 237 //** ||
 * 4 || ** 7.3 Compounding the Situation Pg 233 ** |||| Read theory on Pg 233 to 234.

EP. Chemical Science>Types of substances > molecules and atoms and elements.

EP. Chemical Science>Chemical reactions including- properties and reactions ||||  |||| EP. Chemical Science> Chemical reactions>New compounds || Do Investigation 7.7. Looking for Similarities page 237. |||||||| Understanding & Inquiring page 237 Q’s 1 – 6 |||| Understanding & Inquiring Page 237 Q 8 ||||  ||
 * 5 || ** 7.4 Grouping Elements Pg 236 **
 * the difference between metals and non metals ** |||| Read theory on Pg 236.
 * 6 || ** 7.5 Pattern, Order & Organisation Pg 238 ** |||| Read Theory on Pg 238 – 239.

Label your own copy of the periodic table. |||||||| Understanding & Inquiring page 239 Q’s 2, 3 |||||||| ** Complete It’s Elementary Interactivity Int-0229 ** || Do Investigation 7.8 Mix N Match page 240. |||||||| Understanding & Inquiring page 241 Q’s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 doc-6070 |||| ** Complete Making Molecules Interactivity ** **int-0228** |||| Beyond the levelwriting compounds and chemical reactions || Complete **AssessOn Progress** and/or **Topic Test**. ||
 * 7 || ** 7.6 Making Molecules Pg 240 ** |||| Read Theory on Pg 240 -241.
 * 8 || ** Revision / Test ** |||||||||||||||||||| Complete Looking Back Page 245 – 246, Q 1 – 19.

=Class notes= Solids Liquids and Gases

Solids have a __definite__ shape and __can not be compressed__. Solids can be heated and once they reach a certain temperature they melt and become a liquid. If we keep heating them till they boil (boiling point) they become a gas.

Liquids take on the shape of their container and can not be compressed. If you heat them to their boiling point they become a gas. If we cool them to their freezing point they become a solid.

Gases fill their containers and can be compressed. If we cool them to below their boiling point they become a liquid. If we keep cooling them to below their melting point they become a solid.

Draw a picture to represent the particles arranged in a solid

Draw picture of the arrangement of particles in a liquid

Draw a picture of the arrangement of particles in a gas

The periodic table and the first 20 elements

 * 1) Know the name and symbol of the first twenty elements
 * 2) You can get this information off your periodic table -- click here to download a periodic table [[file:periodic table bw.pdf]]
 * listen to this for fun - the New Element song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUDDiWtFtEM
 * or try the old elements song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFIvXVMbII0
 * 1) Here are some more common elements you should know
 * =Name= || =Symbol= ||
 * Iron || Fe ||
 * Copper || Cu ||
 * Zinc || Zn ||
 * Tin || Sn ||
 * GOLD ||  ||
 * SILVER ||  ||
 * Lead ||  ||
 * Uranium ||  ||
 * Nickel ||  ||

And here are some common compounds Complete this table
 * ==Name== || ==Symbol== || ==The elements that make it up== || ==The number of each element== ||
 * Water || H 2 O || Hydrogen and Oxygen || 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen ||
 * Hydrochloric acid || HCl || Hydrogen and Chlorine ||  ||
 * Sodium Chloride (table salt) || NaCl || Sodium Chloride ||  ||
 * MagnesiumChloride || MgCl 2 ||  ||   ||
 * Rust || FeO ||  ||   ||
 * Copper sulfate || Cu SO 4 ||  ||   ||

=How to measure the volume of an irregular object= steps 1 - fill a measuring cylinder to 50 mL step 2 add the irregular object - measure the new volume step 3 subtract 50 from the new volume - this is the volume of the irregular object eg 55 - 50 = 5mLs

=Using the particle model to explain Melting and Boiling= Melting happens when the particles in a solid move so rapidly that the forces holding the particles very close together are broken and the particles start to move out of the solid's regular shape. We say solid melts and becomes a liquid.

If the particles gain enough energy to move very rapidly they escape their liquid friends and move into the state of matter called GAS.

As a general rule Gas particles have the most energy and move very very fast Liquid particles have a fair amount of energy and can gain energy (get hotter) to become a gas or lose energy (get colder) to become a solid. Solid particles are moving but slowly and hold the shape of their solid.If you add energy to a solid the particles will move faster and if you add enough energy they will move to the liquid state.

Start questions p 221 - but only do 2,3, 5, and 9, Then start Changing boiling point of water wksheet.

= =

Atomic number and mass
When we write an element's symbol we often include two numbers. These are written to the right of the symbol. The atomic mass ( its always bigger). The other number is the atomic number. Here is an example Carbon has an atomic mass of 12 and its atomic number is 6. Atomic mass = the atomic number (this is the number of protons) + the number of neutrons. Atomic number = the number of protons. the number of protons = the number of electrons. Question how many protons and neutrons does an atom of the element sodium have? Step 1 look up the element on the periodic table Step 2 find the atomic number ( the rule is that the atomic number always tells us the number of protons) for sodium its 11 Step 3 find sodiums atomic mass (for sodium its 23) step 4 the rule is Atomic mass - atomic number = the number of protons - for this example 23 - 11 = 12 there are 12 neutrons

The periodic table
This is a useful tool because it tells you
 * 1) the atomic mass
 * 2) the atomic number
 * 3) and the position of the element in the table tells you how the electrons are arranged and orbit around the nucleus.

REview of Solid Liquid Gases

 * [[image:mrwallisscience/yr 8 SLG photo.JPG width="714" height="532" caption="yr 8 SLG photo.JPG"]] ||
 * Solid Liquids and gases. As you increase the energy of a solid it melts to become a liquid. Even more energy will boil it to become a gas. The transformation names are also shown ||



Structure of the atom and determining the number of protons neutrons and electrons
The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus is unique to each element when in its natural state. The diagram below shows the pattern. In this example there are 2 electrons in the innermost oribital (there can only be a maximum of 2 in this orbit and it must be filled before the next orbit can be populated. in this example there are 5 electrons in the outer orbit. This orbit will have a maximum of 8 electrons.  so for nitrogen that has an atomic number of 7 and an atomic mass of 14 it will have 7 electrons that have a negative charge orbiting the nucleus that will have 7 protons that have a positive charge. These charges are equal therefore thet balance out.

using the rules above we can calculate the number of protons. We always assume electrons weigh zero as they are extremely tiny about one billionth the mass of a proton. So the atomic mass is the combined mass of protons and neutrons. So if we know the atomic mass is14 and the atomic number ( ie proton number) is 7 then the number of neutrons must be 14-7=7 neutrons. Go below to review the first twenty elements.
 * [[image:mrwallisscience/yr 8 Nitrogen structure photo.JPG width="511" height="383" caption="yr 8 Nitrogen structure photo.JPG"]] ||
 * Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons ||

**Looking for Similarities Prac** Grouping Elements Aim: to collect information about different elements and then try to group them based on these observations

Results ... || Shiny or Dull..... ... || Does it bend..... .... || Does it Conduct Electricity ||
 * Element............
 * S || d || n ||  ||
 * Zn || s || y ||  ||
 * Sn ||  ||   ||   ||
 * C ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Si ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Cu ||  ||   ||   ||

= Looking for Similarities Prac =

the differences between metals and non metals
... || Shiny or Dull..... ... || Does it bend..... .... || Does it Conduct Electricity ||
 * Element............
 * S || d || n || n ||
 * Zn || s || y || y ||
 * Sn || s || y || y ||
 * C || d || n || y ||
 * Si || s || n || y ||
 * Cu || s || y || y ||

Conclusion Metals are all those elements that can conduct electricity, bend and are shiny. Non metals are dull, brittle and can not conduct electricity. Metaloids have some properties of metals eg shiny and conduct electricity. But they also have non metal properties like being dull or brittle.

Ques 7 Two suitable groups for our elements would be metals (Zn, Sn, Cu) and metalloids (C, Si) S is a non metal

Ques 8 The element that does not seems it could be in ether group is S

Conclusion All metals can conduct electricity and are shiny when cut and can be bent. Carbon in the form of graphite conducts electricity BUT carbon in the form of diamonds or coal does not. (this is because of the way the carbon atoms bond with each other in each of theses forms. Carbon in graphite makes layers )

HMWK: - learn the symbols and name of the elements in our table.

Complete the ques 1- 7 p 245.


 * The first twenty elements **


 * the first 20 elements - use the periodic table to complete this table **
 * remember **
 * Protons + neutrons = atomic mass **
 * (therefore atomic mass - protons = neutrons) **
 * ====== Atomic ======

Number
|| ====== Name of the element ====== || ====== Symbol ====== || ====== Atomic mass ====== || ====== number of protons ====== || ====== Number of neutrons ====== ||
 * ====== 1 ====== || ====== Hydrogen ====== || ====== H ====== || ====== 1 ====== || ====== 1 ====== || ====== 0 ====== ||
 * ====== 2 ====== || ====== Helium ====== || ====== He ====== || ====== 4 ====== || ====== 2 ====== || ====== 2 ====== ||
 * ====== 3 ====== || ====== Lithium ====== || ====== Li ====== || ====== 7 ====== || ====== 3 ====== || ====== 4 ====== ||
 * ====== 4 ====== || ====== Beryllium ====== ||  || ====== 9 ====== || ====== 4 ====== || ====== 5 ====== ||
 * ====== 5 ====== || ====== Boron ====== ||  || ====== 11 ====== || ====== 5 ====== || ====== 6 ====== ||
 * ====== 6 ====== || ====== Carbon ====== ||  || ====== 12 ====== || ====== 6 ====== || ====== 6 ====== ||
 * ====== 7 ====== ||  ||   ||   || ====== 7 ====== ||   ||
 * ====== 8 ====== ||  ||   ||   || ====== 8 ====== ||   ||
 * ====== 9 ====== ||  ||   ||   || ====== 9 ====== ||   ||
 * ====== 10 ====== ||  ||   ||   || ====== 10 ====== ||   ||
 * ====== 11 ====== || ====== Sodium ====== || ====== Na ====== ||  ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 12 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 13 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 14 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 15 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 16 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 17 ====== || ====== Chlorine ====== || ====== Cl ====== ||  ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 18 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 19 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 20 ====== || ====== Calcium ====== || ====== Ca ====== ||  || ====== 20 ====== ||   ||
 * ====== And here are some others you should know ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Fe ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Ni ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Cu ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ====== 30 ====== ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== As ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Ag ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Au ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Pt ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Hg ====== ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || ====== Pb ====== ||   ||   ||   ||

Answers to Activity 6.1

Investigating particlesdoc-6066 answers Solids have fixed shape, volume and mass. A fluid is either a liquid or a gas. Two common fluids are water and air. The unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). Common units for volume are the litre (L) and cubic centimetre (cm3). Melting During condensation, a gas changes state into a liquid. Material A would be a liquid as the oven temperature is above its melting point. Material B would be a solid as the oven temperature is below its melting point. Thermometers measure temperature. Assumptions include: In a solid, all particles vibrate but stay in the same position relative to each other. The amount of vibration depends on the temperature of the solid. When a solid is heated, the energy of the vibrating particles increases; they vibrate faster so the average distance between surrounding particles increases. This causes the solid to expand. The temperature of a solid increases when energy is transferred to it. If the temperature increase is sufficient, the solid will melt to become a liquid. Diffusion is the movement of particles through a substance that is either a liquid or a gas. Clouds are composed of condensed water vapour that is present in the air.
 * 1) Give an example of a solid.
 * 1) Give two examples of a fluid.
 * 1) What is the unit for mass?
 * 1) What is a common unit for volume?
 * 1) State the word used to describe a solid turning into a liquid.
 * 1) Describe the process of condensation.
 * 1) Material A has a melting point of 34 ° C whereas material B has a melting point of 56 ° C. Both materials are placed in an oven at 50 ° C. Describe the state of each material after being in the oven for a period of time.
 * 1) What does a thermometer measure?
 * 1) State the four key assumptions of the particle model for matter.
 * All substances are made up of tiny particles.
 * The particles are attracted towards other surrounding particles.
 * The particles are always moving.
 * The hotter the substance is, the faster the particles move.
 * 1) Use the particle model of matter to describe a solid.
 * 1) Use the particle model of matter to explain why a solid expands when heated.
 * 1) What happens to the temperature of a solid when energy is transferred to it?
 * 1) What is diffusion?
 * 1) What are clouds composed of?