Yr+10+Universe


 * 2015 Year 10 //__The mysterious Universe__// ****//__–__//****//__ Chapter 6 __//**
 * Access Code || 2JUW ||
 * Access Links ||
 * Test Link || @http://www.classroomclipboard.com/490625/Test/ECDE83B87B6F4A60B7D22697863DAD11 ||


 * ** Key Concepts ** ||  ||||   ||
 * # Observing the night sky
 * 1) The Sun
 * 2) Stability and Change: the stars
 * 3) Stability and Change: the changing Universe
 * 4) How it all began
 * 5) Eyes on the Universe
 * 6) Anybody out there?? |||| NAME:

Investigation 6.1: the effect of Parallax
 * * **__ Science Understanding __ ||
 * || ** Science Quest 8 **
 * // TEXTBOOK //** |||| ** SCIENCE Quest 8 ****// PRACTICALS / ACTIVITIES //** || ** SCIENCE Quest 8 **
 * // HOMEWORK //** || ** OTHER ACTIVITIES/RESOURCES ** ||
 * 1 || ** 6.1 ** Observing the night sky |||| Suggestions:

INtroductory video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBwD0hCvo8Q || Understand and Inquiring questions 1 to 12

Worksheet 6.1 Observing stars

===[|Parallax - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia] ===

 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/**Parallax** 3 Parallax error in measurement instruments; 4 Photogrammetric parallax ... cues through viewpoint-shifting animation rather than through binocular vision. || ** Words to Learn ** Constellations, galaxies, nebulae, parallax || http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4iD-9GSW-0 || Understanding & Inquiring 1 to 8
 * 2 || ** 6.2 ** The Sun |||| Youtube video: []

Worksheet 6.2 The sun and nuclear fusion || ** Words to Learn ** Nuclear fusion, corona, sunspots, aurora borealis, aurora australis, ionosphere ||
 * 3 || ** 6.3 ** Stability and Change: the stars |||| Inquiry Investigation 6. 2: Heat produced by compressing a gas

Weblink: Star evolution ( Good to help understand star lifecycles)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnzRUYSiCnc

How big are we compared to the universe? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEheh1BH34Q || Understanding and enquiry

Worksheets: 6.3 The brightness of stars 6.4 Star Life cycles

try this quizlet

http://quizlet.com/233977/flashcards || ** Words to Learn ** Protostar, magnitude ,apparent magnitude, absolute magnitude, main sequence, red giant, pulsating star, planetary nebula, white dwarf, supergiants, supernova, neutron star, black hole. ||
 * 4 || ** 6.4 ** Stability and Change: the changing Universe |||| Inquiry investigation 6.4 Doppler effect || Understanding and enquiry

Worksheet 6.5 The expanding Universe

The Animation of the Doppler Effect.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eo_owZ2UK7E

Here is a longer one with some explanation - the first 3 minutes are the best
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1ykNQijOC8 || ** Words to Learn ** Doppler effect, frequency, spectrum, wavelength, red shift, blue shift, || Elesson Entropy: Is the end of Universe nearer than we think? || Understanding and enquiry
 * 5 || ** 6.5 ** How it all began |||| Elesson: the expanding universe

Worksheet 6.6 The big bang || ** Words to Learn ** Cosmology, big bang theory, absolute zero, || Its location and size what is it used to look for What discoveries have been attributed to this telescope who uses this telescope? what are they working on now?
 * 6 || ** 6.6 ** Eyes on the Universe |||| Research Task: Research a Telescope and find out the following

Present your results on an A4 page that includes pictures that show how the telescope operates and answers these questions. || Understanding & Inquiring ques 1, 3, 4 Ext ques 2, 5, 6

Size in the universe http://htwins.net/scale2/?bordercolor=white

Try this revision quizlet about the universe http://quizlet.com/12292971/flashcards

Catalyst program "the Universe" short video -great revision.

http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4107265.htm || ** Words to Learn ** Electromagnetic radiation, radio telescopes, quasars ,pulsars, ultraviolet radiation,, infra-red radiation, X-rays ||
 * 7 || ** 6.7 ** Anybody out there?? |||| Inquiry 6.5 Modeling a wobbling star || Understanding and enquiry

Worksheet 6.7 telescopes || ** Words to Learn ** Radio astronomy ||
 * || History of atronomy the last 50 yrs || from Click view ||  || http://online.clickview.com.au/Exchange/Play?Id=f084e6dd-e117-fafa-0c64-33b2c427b553&m=False ||   ||

=What do we know about the universe?= contains lots of galaxies. The galaxies contain lots of stars., constellations or groups of stars, and some stars have planets orbiting them, an example is our solar system inside the Milky Way. The Milky Way is in the Virgo super cluster of galaxies. the difference between a star and a planet. Stars emit their own light because they are undergoing nuclear fusion reactions. Planets orbit stars and reflect light. age of univers is 13.8billion years old expanding. At an accelerated rate. big bang theory is said to explain the start of the universe billions of earth like planets until 400 years ago astronomers thought earth was the centre of the universe stars hydrogen most abundant element in the universe made of matter, dark matter energy and dark energy time is measured in earth years but distance is measured in light years...how far light travels in a year. =Solar systems versus constellations= solar systems is a pattern of planets orbiting the sun. A constellation is a group of stars that make apTtern when viewed from earth. Some common examples include Orion, southern cross Virgo, Gemini,

Clouds of luminous gas, exploding stars and nebulae

=The Sun= The sun is a star. It makes its own heat and light and cosmic radiation through the process of fusion. Fusion is a chemical reaction where two smaller light atoms combine to make a heavier atom. In this nuclear reaction there is no waste. The main element being formed in this reaction is Helium because tiny hydrogen atoms are being forced together to make the Helium.

Features on the sun include: solar flares - these are huge explosions of gas that erupt 500,000km into space. Sun spots - these are cool areas on the sun that appear as dark spots. Corona- this is the light ring around the sun.

Inside the sun there are some heavier elements that make up the sun's core but this is surrounded by the burning gas. [|The Structure of the Sun and Solar Events] this is a short movie

Questions q2 page 235 =What are sunspots - q6 page 235 - extreme conditions of heat and pressure are required and we can't replicate this on earth as yet.

Life cycle of a star. here is a simplified diagram http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/stars/lifecyclestarsrev2.shtml

here is a short movie from NASA This NASA video segment describes the life cycle of a star. Viewers learn about the opposing forces on a star and the ways in which these forces change over time to create a red giant. The video also discusses what will happen when the sun becomes a red giant, evolves into a white dwarf, and eventually ends its life as a black stellar corpse.

Duration: 4 minutes 18 seconds [|> View QuickTime]  [14MB]
 * Lifecycle of a Star **

= =



How can we tell the temperature of a star by looking at it through a telescope? Because of its colour we can measure its frequency and wavelength and this can be matched to it temperature.


 * Apparent magnitude** - how bright something is as we look at it from earth eg the sun is -27 the moon is -13 (the sun makes its own light from nuclear reactions the moon only reflect light like a mirror) Rigel in the constellation Orion +0.11 - Our naked eyes can see up to an apparent magnitude of 6.


 * Absolute magnitude** - is a measure of the amount of light emitted - eg the sun +4.7 Rigel in the constellation Orion is -7.5 (the smaller the number the greater the magnitude -ie brighter eg Rigel is brighter than the sun in absolute terms BUT it appears to us on earth that the Sun is brighter than Rigel)

How can we tell if stars are moving away from us? We see a change in their Frequency due to the Doppler effect

The Doppler effect and Sound a sound moving towards you sounds higher as it passes and continues to move away it sounds lower. this is because as the sound moves toward you the frequency appears to increase hence the higher pitch due to the speed of sound having the speed of the sound source added to each other,

A shift to lower or ‘redder’ frequencies is called a ** red shift ** and results from a star's movement away from the Earth.

A shift to higher or ‘bluer’ frequencies is called a **blue shift** and is caused by a star's movement towards the Earth.

the astronomer Edwin Hubble and is now referred to as **Hubble's law**. This law states that the further away a galaxy is, the greater is its red shift and so the faster it is moving away from us.

=How do we know how fast the universe is expanding?= http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/08/13/3824492.htm Audio file:


 * [|**Audio:**][|How do we know how fast universe is expanding?] [|(Science Online Audio)]

[|Dr Karl] › [|Dr Karl's Great Moments In Science] =A brief history of the universe= http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/08/06/3818354.htm
 * [|**Audio:**][|A brief history of the universe] [|(Science Online Audio)]

The Science show Keppler gets the wobbles https://itunes.apple.com/au/podcast/kepler-gets-the-wobbles/id319623375?i=162837654&mt=2

New Telescope Launched https://itunes.apple.com/au/podcast/new-telescope-launched-in/id319623375?i=162538585&mt=2



(b) Explain the meaning of parallax in relation to the apparent motion of stars.

(c) Before 1837 it was believed that all stars existed on a transparent celestial sphere at a fixed distance from the Earth. How did the observation of parallax of close stars change this view?

(d) Outline the motion of the stars as seen by an observer on Earth during the time taken to travel from X to Y.

Star info **Sirius**
 * 1) Size: 2896819.2 km
 * 2) Brightness: Magnitude of 1.44. 24.7 x the suns luminous.
 * 3) Distance: 8.6 light years away from the sun
 * 4) Constellation: Canis Majoris (The Dog)
 * 5) Location: Northern hemisphere – in the south east – south – or south west on evenings from winter to mid-spring.

**Ascella** By Christina Heng 10D
 * 1) Size: Not found
 * 2) Brightness: 2.6
 * 3) Distance: 88.2 light years
 * 4) Constellation: Zeta/Sagittarius
 * 5) Location: Southern sky

Sirius (star) – Jenny Schaumann 10D Sirius is the also called the dog star, and the brightest star in our night sky. Sirius’ colour is observed to be mostly white or blue, but it is sometimes called the rainbow star because many observations of different colours. Its brightness is estimated to be around 1.42 in magnitude. The mass of Sirius is around 2.2 million. In size, it is around 2,380,001 km in diameter. From mid-northern latitudes (such as the U.S.A), Sirius rises in the southeast, arcs across the southern sky, and sets in the southwest. In December, Sirius rises in mid-evening. By mid-April, Sirius sets in the southwest in mid-evening. Sirius is part of the Canis Major constellation. Sirius is 8.611 light years away from Earth.

Alpha Centauri (star) Alpha Centauri is 4.3 light years away. It is the closest star to the solar system. It is the brightest star in the constellation Centaurus. Alpha Centauri is a triple star, and its combined visual magnitude of -2.7 makes it the third brightest star in out night sky. Its combined mass equals to 2.07 million. In the Northern Hemisphere, Alpha Centauri is located very far to the south on the sky’s dome. The cut-off latitude is about 29 degrees. People in the Northern Hemisphere might see Alpha Centauri at roughly 1 a.m. (local Daylight savings time) in early May. By early July, the system reaches its highest point to the south at nightfall. In Australia and much of the southern hemisphere, Alpha Centauri is circumpolar, meaning that it never sets.

__ STARS __ Sirius a) Size: diameter approximately 2.9 million km  //b)// Brightness: -1.44 //magnitude// c) Distance from earth: 8.611 light years   d) // Constellation: Canis Major // (Greater Dog) e) Where in the sky you would find it: Found in the southern sky, to the left and below Orion constellation.   Pollux    a) Size: diameter approximately 147,897,875 km    b) Brightness: 1.1 magnitude    c) Distance from earth: 33.72 light years d) Constellation: Gemini   e) Where in the sky would you find it: Found in the north-western sky, in the northern constellation of Gemini

** Stars ** ** Betelgeuse ** **Size:** has a radius of 650,988,000 km, and is about 1000 times larger than our own sun. **Brightness:** 75,000 times greater than the sun and has a magnitude of 0.58 (Var 0.3 -> 1.2) and an absolute magnitude of -5.14. **Distance from the Earth:** 430 light years. **Constellation its part of:** Orion **Where in the sky would you find it:** Eastern sky at about 8pm. Generally the viewing of Betelgeuse indicates the start of winter. ** Alpha Centauri ** **Size:** It has a solar mass of 1.100 and the solar radius of 1.227 **Brightness:** magnitude of -0.27 **Distance from the Earth:** 4.367 light years ** Constellation it is part of: ** Centaur ** Where in the sky would you find it: ** In the Southern hemisphere throughout the year Suma Sreedhar 10D

bronte howlett 10 D

Sirius

1. Size- 2.9 million km

2. Brightness- a visual apparent magnitude of −1.46

3. Distance from earth in light years- 8.611 light years

4. Constellation it’s a part of- Canis Major

5. Where in the sky you would find it- vertically above (10:00 am)

Betelgeuse

1. Size-950 x sun (2896819.2km size)

2. Brightness- 0.5

3. Distance from earth in light years- 642.5 light years

4. Constellation it’s a part of- Orion

5. Where in the sky you would find it- south (10:00am) elevation of 20 degrees into the sky

Sirius 2896819.2 km 1.44 magnitude 8.6 Light years Canis Major Northern Hemisphere. To the south east Betelgeuse 550 to 920 times the suns diameter 0.42 magnitudes 640 Light Years Orion constellation Parys Drakopoulos
 * || ** Stars ** ||  ||
 * Size
 * Brightness
 * Distance from the earth in light years
 * Constellations its part of
 * Where in the sky you would find it
 * Size
 * Brightness
 * Distance from the earth in light years
 * Constellation its part of
 * Where in the sky would you find it