Yr+8+Igneous,+Sedimentary+and+metamorphic+rocks


 * Year **** … **** . // Sedimentary, Igneous & Metamorphic Rocks // **
 * ** Key Concepts ** ||  ||||   ||
 * # 1. Patterns, order and organisation
 * 1) 2. Form and function
 * 2) 3. Stability and change
 * 3) 4. Scale and measurement
 * 4) 5. Matter and energy
 * 5) 6. Systems |||| NAME:

Staff should aim to complete a dot point per lesson so that the topic runs for 4 weeks || Atlantis: the evidence a movie about history archeology and geology || // P279 Understanding and Inquiring questions // // Worksheet 9.1 //
 * || ** Science Quest **
 * // TEXTBOOK //** |||| ** SCIENCE Quest ****// PRACTICALS / ACTIVITIES //** || ** SCIENCE Quest **
 * // HOMEWORK //** || ** OTHER ACTIVITIES/RESOURCES ** ||
 * 1 || ** 9.1 Rocks and Minerals ** |||| Inquiry: Investigation 9.1 (Which mineral is it?)

A brief introduction to minerals.

https://youtu.be/8a7p1NFn64s

Identifying minerals https://youtu.be/32NG9aeZ7_c || ** Words to Learn ** Lithosphere, magma, sediments, minerals, native elements, crystals, lustre, streak, hardness ||
 * 2 || **// 9.2 Hot Rocks //**

Make non working model of volcano using cardboard, cellophane, + + |||| // e-lesson –Volcanoes (eles-0130) // // Inquiry investigation 9.2 (Does fast cooling make a difference?) // // eBook plus- (weblinks section)Who am I rock game – question 10 investigate // // Rock cycle animation-weblinks // || // p282 Understanding and Inquiring questions // // Worksheet 9.2 //

// Igneous rocks // https://youtu.be/aCnAF1Opt8M || ** Words to Learn ** igneous rocks, extrusive rocks, pumice, scoria, abrasive, basalt, obsidian, intrusive rocks, batholiths, Granite || Inquiry: Investigation 9.4(Identifying sedimentary rocks)
 * 3 || **// 9.3 Sedimentary Rocks //** |||| Inquiry: Investigation 9.3 (Sediments and water)

fossils

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossopteris || // P289 Understanding and Inquiring questions // // Worksheets 9.3 // // Sedimentary rocks //

https://youtu.be/Etu9BWbuDlY || ** Words to Learn ** Sedimentary rocks, floodplains, glaciers, moraines, sandstone, mudstone, shale, siltstone, conglomerate, limestone, coal, rock salt. ||
 * 4 || **// 9.4 Stability and change: //**
 * // Metamorphic rocks //**

Crayon Rock cycle (see pdf) |||| Inquiry: Investigation 9.5 (Rocks- the new generation) Interactive int-0234

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv4M4wror58

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53lMdHzvGCQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53lMdHzvGCQ || // P290 Understanding and Inquiring questions // // Worksheets 9.4 // // Worksheets 9.5 //

// more metamorphic videos // https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oQ1J0w3x0o

metamorphic rocks https://youtu.be/1oQ1J0w3x0o || ** Words to Learn ** Metamorphism, metamorphic rocks, slate, shale, marble, gneiss, ||
 * 5 || ** 9.5 Mining for Metals **

Froth Flotation using dirt, straw and detergent. |||| Inquiry: Investigation 9.6 (Searching without disturbing)

|| // P293 Understanding and Inquiring questions //

// Rock Cycle animation //

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm || ** Words to Learn ** Mineral ores, mining, environmental impact statement (EIS), rehabilitated, overburden, open-cut mining, underground mining, || (Time dependent) ||||  || // P295 Understanding and Enquiry questions // || ** Words to Learn ** Stone age, alloy, flint, percussion flaking || Weblinks ebookplus see p313 rhs Worksheet 9.6
 * 6 || ** 9.6 Stone technology **
 * 7 || ** 9.7 Every rock tells a story ** |||| Interactive-0233

|| // P300 Understanding and Inquiring questions // || ** Words to Learn ** Palaeontologists, relative age, mould, trace fossils, extinct, ||
 * 8 || ** 9.8 Questioning and predicting ** ||||   || // P302 Understanding and Inquiring questions // ||   ||

=Class Notes=

=Igneous rocks= Have been formed fro molten material. Some are spewed out of volcanoes. These are caled extrusive rocks. They have very small crystals eg BASALT. Some have tiny holes where gas was trapped eg PUMICE.

Rocks that are formed underground are called intrusive rocks ( or Plutonic rocks) They have large crystals that might have cooled over 100s of years. An example is GRANITE

Crystals experiment Aim: Investigate the cooling rate and crystal size Hypothesis: The faste a solution cools the smaller the crystals Method Make an alum solution by half fillinfg a test tube with alum crystal and covering with water heat gently when dissolved halve the solution betwee 2 testubes put one in ice and the other in air add a half spatula of alum to each solution Observe

Complete the igneous rocks worksheet

Crystal size -
Examples of small crystal rock is basalt and rhyolite

Examples of large crystal rock is granite

Making crystal experiment is a good explanation for the cooling of molten rock because it shows how the different temperatures can lead to big crystal (slow cooling) and small crystals (fast cooling) Hmwk Questions p 296 q 1, 3, 5, and 8

Sedimentary rocks
complete the ques p 299 ques 1 to 5 Complete the sedimentary rock work sheet

Metamorphic rocks
complete ques p 302 q 1 to 8 Complete the metamorphic rock work sheet There are 2 ways metamorphic rocks can be formed and that is by contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism.

Contact metamorphism occurs when igneous rock touch a sedimentary rock and the heat of the igneous rock partially melts the sedimentary rock. This high heat could cause it to change into slate, quartzite or marble. Regional metamorphism applies heat and pressure over a wide distance - many kilometres. And this pressure causes the temperature of the rocks to rise and metamorphosis begins.

Often both contact and regional metamorphosis happens at the same time. Depending on how close the sedimentary rock is to the source of heat or pressure we get different sedimentary rocks.

Shale >slate->schist-->gneiss no heat some h+p lots h+p masses of heat and pressure

The rock cycle -
Complete the rock cycle work sheet

Whats in a rock?
When you see a rock with different colours you can guess it is made from different chemical compounds. These compounds form crystals and grains we see in the igneous and sedimentary rocks. These compounds that make up crystals give the crystals their special shape and colour. Its the reason why amethyst is purple and diamonds are clear. But you can get red diamonds and pink diamonds and yellow diamonds. The main element in a diamond is carbon. When a diamond is not clear the diamond might be infected with a small amount of another element like iron - which might give the pink colour.

These different coloured compounds have different properties. They include hardness, lustre and streak colour and crystal shape. These compounds are called minerals when we are talking about rocks.
 * Hardness is determined by seeing what can scratch the mineral and then positioning it on Moh's Hardness scale- we will do this in an expt.
 * Lustre refers to how shiny the mineral is. It may range from vitreous (very shiny) to waxy or dull.
 * Streak is the colour of the line that is left when a mineral is scratched across the back of a white tile.
 * crystal shape is often measured in angles or describes the cleavage of the crystal. Cleavage is a term that describes the way (or direction) a rock will break. For example calcite general breaks in little cubes. So we describe its cleavage as being in three directions at about 90 degrees.

Compounds = Minerals -> crystals or grains --> rock

Exercise - Finding the characteristics of minerals in rocks The following table provides information about the properties of these minerals. =Mineral observations=
 * =Identifying minerals=
 * 1.** Two common rocks are composed of the minerals shown in the images at right. Limestone contains calcite, and sandstone contains quartz. ||  ||   ||
 * Calcite || Quartz ||
 * Mineral || Colour || Streak (colour of powdered mineral) || Hardness || Lustre ||
 * Calcite || Colourless, white || White || 3 || Dull to vitreous ||
 * Quartz || Colourless, purple, red, yellow || White || 7 || Vitreous ||
 * Biotite mica || Black || brown || 2 || shiny vitreous ||
 * Feldspar (orthoclase or plagioclase) || white, pink, || white || 5-6 || waxy or vitreous shiny ||
 * Galena || black grey crystals || grey || 6 || shiny ||
 * Gypsum || white (pink) || white || 2 || dull ||
 * Mineral || =__Gypsum__= || =__Calcite__= || =__Orthoclaise Feldspar__= || =__Apatite__= || =__Quartz__= || =__Corrundum___= ||
 * Colour || clear || orange || green (amazonite) || brown || pink || cream and brown ||
 * Texture || smooth || waxy || smooth and rough || smooth || rough and waxy || rough ||
 * Lustre || shiny vitreous || shiny || dull /shiny on cut surfaces || glossy || shiny || dull ||
 * Crystal shape || flat || unclear || unclear || irregular hexagon || unclear || cylindrical to a point/ 6 sided at times ||
 * Hardness || 2 || 3 || 6 || 5 || 7 || 9 ||
 * Streak || white || white ||  ||   || white || white maybe very hard ||

=Research task Mining= Choose an ore that is mined for its commercial value - eg bauxite for aluminium make a mini poster that will show 1. what the ore looks like as it is mined 2. what is the mining process 3. how the valuable element is separated form the ore - a picture would be good here 4. what the final product looks like 5. places this element is used

Here is an example that addresses point 1, 4, and 5

BHP, Santos, Woodside,RIO Tinto Fortescue,, Lehir, Oz minerals Mt Gibson, Illuka, Atlas mines ,
 * Research 3 mining companies from the list below (choose one from each group)**
 * 1) Name the company, what is its value (in dollars) what is its share price
 * 2) find out what the company mines and where.
 * 3) Find out if the local people like the mining being there and if they do (or don't) why
 * 4) Find out what happens to the minerals that are mined
 * 5) How are they extracted from the ore - what sort of pollution has to be taken into account.

=9.5 Mining for metals= We mine for metals and precious stones in the Earth’s crust. This includes above ground under water and deep under ground. Metals are rarely found in lumps (the exceptions are gold and silver which are unreactive) most metallic elements have reacted with some oxygen and silicon making a compound. This is the ore. To extract the metallic element from the compound ore we have to a) mine the ore by removing the overburden and topsoil  b) use extraction techniques like - crushing, grinding and washing the rock to remove minerals from the unwanted rock. Metal extraction to obtain metal element from mineral involves chemical reactions, which depends on the chemical composition of the mineral ore.

==

The galapagos video Watch the "Born of Fire" chapter of the Galapagos movie and write a paragraph to explain how the rock cycle is evident on the Galapagos islands.